High-Risk Drinking in College Athletes and Nonathletes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1231 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Did you like this example? The article High-Risk Drinking in College Athletes and Nonathletes Across the Academic Year from the journal, Journal of College Counseling which is written by Diana M. Doumas, Rob Turrisi, Kenneth M. Coll, and Kate Haralson, explores heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences between freshman student-athletes and non-athletes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "High-Risk Drinking in College Athletes and Nonathletes" essay for you Create order Student-athletes are at a higher risk of it than non-athletes; social and personal problems are related to greater drinking (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 163). Therers a big difference between student-athletes and non-athletes which may lead to a higher risk of drinking. According to this article, student-athletes automatically have more stress than non athletes because their expectations/demands are greater. These expectations include how well they perform as an athlete and also they have to meet the demands of their professors. While non-athletes only have to worry about academics and maybe clubs. Plus, athletes have to create time for their social lives, but not only that, they still have to stay in peak condition for their sport throughout the year. Another reason the article states for the heavy drinking in student-athletes is that they have special status as athletes that the non-athletes most likely dont have. This status gives the student-athletes a greater chance to be invited to social functions like parties where there usually is drinking (Doumas et al.,2007,p. 164). The authors hypothesis about high-risk drinking in freshman college students was that freshman student-athletes would drink more and have more drinking-related consequences than non-athletes (Doumas et al.,2007,p. 165 170). The researchers examined the freshman for this study because they believed that freshman had the highest risk of being exposed to drinking due to previous research done on this topic. In addition to the hypothesis stated before, they also wanted to examine the difference of drinking habitats (if they increased or decreased) from the fall term to the spring term of their freshman academic year (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 170). The reason why they wanted to do this was that no other research was done on this topic that had looked into the difference of alcohol consumption between the fall and spring term or a t least gone into detail like they did. The sample used for this study was a survey from 455 freshmen that attended a university and those participants were split into the student-athlete group or a non-athlete group depending on if they played sports or any sports-related clubs (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 165). Each person was given questionnaires that ask questions related to the use of alcohol and the consequences that come with alcohol. To calculate the amount of drinking the student-athletes did versus the non-athletes they used quantity of alcohol drunk and the frequency of drunkenness from Thursday to Saturday for a typical week (Doumas et al., 2007, p. 166). To examine the alcohol-related consequences they used the YAAPST, which was a questionnaire that asked about the negative consequences that occurred in the past year that related to alcohol, and they split up the consequences into four categories (academic, interpersonal, physical, and dangerous) and each of them used specific questions from the YAAPST questionnaire (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 167). The results of the study were that student-athletes do indeed drink more and have more drinking-related consequences than a non athlete (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 169). The results also showed that the status of an athlete had a drastic effect on how many times a person drank alcohol (or went to a social function) so this backs up the idea that being an athlete has a greater chance and more opportunities to be in unfamiliar social situations. The results for the difference of heavy drinking between the spring term versus fall term were that drinking quantity, the frequency of drunkness, and the consequences all increased from the fall term to the spring term (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 169). According to the authors, the increase is most likely due to the fact that alcohol prevention programs are presented before the fall term begins and no other programs are presented after that; therefore, the effects of the program decline as the year goes on which explains the increase (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 169). Analysis Overall the research that was done about the high-risk drinking of freshman student-athletes versus non athletes was pretty excellent. There were many things that were done well and some things that could be improved for future research. One aspect of the research that was done well was the fact that they used a high amount of students that took the surveys. This means that the results would be more accurate and if the researchers didnt use as many students then the results would have been less accurate. Another thing that they did well was that the gender of the participants was pretty much the same. If the gender was drastically different in each group (athletes and non athletes) then it may have affected the results of the study. Something else that was done well was the fact that they split up the alcohol-related into different categories, which made the research on that aspect of the study more specific and accurate. However, in future research they should add more alcohol-related consequences to the categories; for example, they can use the different types of sports the students played and what consequences ca me with that. There are some things that can be improved about this research. First, they should use a more variety of questionnaires for the measurement of drinking quantity and the frequency of it too. A bigger variety would give the researchers more specific information and in the end possibly a more accurate result. Another thing that can be improved is that this study didnt follow the same students from the spring term to the fall term, which could have thrown off the results about the increase of drinking from fall to spring (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 171). If the students were followed then the research could have a stronger and more accurate result. A limitation of this study is that it can only show that alcohol drinking prevention programs need to have better timing; it doesnt give a specific program that would or it doesnt when the best time is for them (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 171). This study is geared towards colleges and college counselors to be specific. It shows that di fferent and more steps are needed to be taken to reduce the amount of drinking in students especially athletes. According to the study, the prevention programs need to have better timing or at least there should be more of them throughout the academic year. The research also shows that programs should have more variety in them; for example, most programs that presented are like lectures and the article conveys that feedback from a person or parent programs are more likely to be effective than the lecture-based ones (Doumas et al., 2007,p. 171). This study/research is valuable to colleges and future research should expand upon this and study some parts of it in more detail. Though there are many things that can be improved on this study but that doesnt change the fact that it gave valuable information to college counselors about alcohol drinking among students and what group of students have the highest risk for it. The counselors can use this information to create better prevention programs and have a better sense of timing because of this study. Overall the research was great and it studied a topic that is usually underlooked.

Race and Representation in Congress Essay - 5076 Words

Race and Representation in Congress The topic of race, redistricting, and minority representation in Congress has emerged as one of the most salient issues in contemporary political thought. The creation of so#8209;called majority minority districts has been attacked as unfair and racially polarizing by some observers and ultimately struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The study of race in relation to American politics and institutions, and, in particular, to the institution of Congress, has produced a wealth of research and literature in recent years. This scope of budding research ranges from legislative activity and Congressional voting to the electoral process and campaigning. This study examines the effects of†¦show more content†¦The exclusion of these groups is for the sake of clarity and focus; the topic of women and Hispanics and their effects on all aspects of American politics is deserving of concentrated studies separate from this one. In order to best present this argument, it is necessary to begin with an informative review of current and significant literature on the topic of the politics of race in the US Congress. This will provide a better understanding of the implications of race in Congressional constituencies. Following this literature review, a case study of four different House members and a comparison of their campaigning and constituency interaction will be presented. History of Blacks in Congress To comprehend the issue of racial redistricting and representation in Congress, it is important to have a good understanding of the basic historical and contemporary concepts involved. Currently, racial gerrymandering is defined as a process of creating heavily minority populated Congressional districts, or majority minority districts (Grofman 359). 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Vietnamese Education Problems free essay sample

Education Problems In the process of development of country, education is always put on the priority. Nowadays, education in Vietnam meet a lot of problems need to be solved. Including, school fee, infrastructure and curriculum are three main problems make student’s difficulties and make quality of education not good at all. The first problem is school fee, which increases quickly in every year. When the development in every area does not balance, school fee is not a problem for the rich but it becomes a trouble of students, who live in poor provinces. They do not have enough money to pay, parents must work a lot and save all their earning for their children’s school fee but it is still not enough for a long course. A lot of students must delay or drop out of school because of living condition. If students want to study continuously, they have to work part time. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnamese Education Problems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They can’t focus on studying, so their result may be affected. There will be a big waste of Vietnamese education if good students can’t study more. Government should care more about school fee, about poor students and correct education policy in each region to decrease a number of students drop out of schools. The second problem is infrastructure. Schools don’t have enough infrastructures for teaching and studying. Most of schools lack of laboratory and machine room. Students just learn theory lessons and don’t practice, so when graduate, they work but can’t translate theory into practice. Moreover, schools in the city can have a good infrastructure, but in some area students don’t have any good condition such as school, tables, seats, boards, and books, etc. hey must learn in unsettled rooms, which were built by bamboo and straw grass. If it rain, the room will be wet and leaking. So these schools are not safe for students and teachers. In order to solve this problem, government should invent more capital in education and attach special importance to poor or mountainous region. The last but not small in Vietnamese education is curriculum. Students in Vietnam must study a lot while students in foreign study less, they focus more on soft skills. Every day, children bring a lot of books to school and learn most of days in week at school. In day, children learn a lot of topics but they can’t understand or remember all of them, so they must learn more at home. And the result, studying holds back children development. They don’t have enough time to relax or play sports, they can’t be really active. Furthermore, students in Vietnam lack of soft skills that are very important. Lacking of soft skill, students can’t work effectively when they graduate. Government should consider education from all sides to reduce the curriculum for students and help them more development not only knowledge but also soft skills. To have a good education and impulse the development of country, government school care more and solve quickly three difficult problems: school fee, infrastructure, and curriculum. Moreover, students in poor regions and difficult condition must be care more to have a change to develop. Vietnamese education will be better and won’t waste talents if three problems can be solved quickly.

The Importance of Using Examples

Using examples to back up statements of fact can add value to your writing. Making a statement without using examples can make your writing muddy, as well as create more work for the reader. Examples make statements clearer, give readers more information, and decrease the chances that the fact or idea to be wrongly applied to real-life situations. Examples are most successful when integrated into the text: Warm paint colors, like red or pink, can have a stimulating effect on a room’s inhabitants. When going to a formal dinner, it is important to wear your best suit, tie, and shoes. (Rather than: When going to a formal dinner, it is important to wear your best clothing.) Examples can also be added in parenthetical phrases, using Latin abbreviations: When you go camping, always make sure to pack first-aid supplies (e. g. [exempli gratia or â€Å"for example†] bandages, antiseptic cream, pain medication). Workers in the United states (i.e. [id est or â€Å"that is†] legal and illegal workers) are concerned about healthcare for their families. Note: â€Å"I.e.† is not interchangeable with â€Å"e.g.† â€Å"I.e.† is equivalent to saying â€Å"in other words† and â€Å"e.g.† is equivalent to â€Å"example† Examples can also be illustrated by describing hypothetical situations, relating real-life situations, or giving the reader possibilities to imagine within the context of the article.